2010 top 10 hollywood movies

this is my personal list of top 10 movies which i liked.

1.INCEPTION
2.SOCIAL NETWORK
3.TOY STORY 3
4.THE TOWN
5.DUE DATE
6.THE A TEAM
7.HP DEATHLY HALLOWS P1
8.RED
9.NARNIA 3
10.SHUTTER ISLAND
11. CLASH OF TITANS

mystery spot

The Mystery Spot is a tourist attraction located near Santa Cruz, California. It was opened in 1939. The operators of the small site (which is about 150 feet in diameter) claim that it is a place where the laws of physics and gravity do not apply and provide a number of demonstrations in support of these claims.
this is the spot where u cant stand straight to balance ur body, u have to lean to certain angle to balance.
The Mystery Spot is a tilt-induced visual illusion. The illusion experienced by visitors results from the oddly tilted environment as well as standing on a tilted floor. Inside the tilted room of the Mystery Spot misperceptions of the height and orientation of objects occur. Even when people are standing outside on a level ground, the slant of the building in the background causes misperceptions as we judge the height of people using the slant of the roof rather than the true horizon

Phenomena demonstrated by the tour guides (and by visitors using levels) include two people standing on opposite sides of a level surface who appear to change height as they switch positions and a ball that appears to roll up a plank. At the site, an old shed appears to have lost part of its foundation and is slanted and oddly angled. Additional claims of mystery are the growth patterns of trees and their branches within the Mystery Spot, the lack of animals such as dogs, rodents or even birds inside the compound (visitors are not allowed to bring their dogs on the tour) and the distortion of magnetically calibrated measurement devices such as compasses or even GPS devices.

bmtc bus route numbers

in order of number name and platform no
36A


Avalahalli


10


334


BBS to BBS


17

256C


Anche Palya


20


138A


BEML Gate


18

271A


Abbigere


22


300B


Banasawadi Channasandra


19

165C


Audugodi


15


300C, H


Banasawadi Channasandra


19

284C


Allala Sandra


23


302A


Babasab Palya


19

284E


Aradeshanahalli


23


57A


Bapuji Nagar


19 A

115


Anandanagar


25


82A


BSS to BSS


21

212A


Agara


12


225C


BEML Layout


19 A

360B


Attiibele


15


252G


Byadarhalli


20

333B


AECS Layout


17


275D


BEL State Bank


22

402C


Atturu


23


279E


Boopasandra


23

239


BEML Layout


1


265A


BBS to BBS


20

96, 96A


BBS to BBS


5


275A


BBS to BBS


23

96B


BEML Layout


5


106, A


BSS to BSS


25

88


Basaveshwaranagar


5


25B


BTM Layout II Stage


13

88A


Basaveswaranagar III stage


5


25F


BTM Layout E.W.S


13

43


Banashankari


12


239C


BEML Layout


2

12A


Banashankari II stage


12


275A, B,



BSS to BSS


15J


Banashankari II stage


12


284F


BSF


23

235


Bangalore University


19A


96F


Bheemajyothi Nagar


5

82


BBS to BBS


21


239


Bangalore Children Hospital


2

265


BBS to BBS


4


316F


Bheemasandra


17

275


BBS to BBS


22


239C


BEML Layout 5th Block


2

333A


Basavanagar


17


250 C


Bagalkunte


20

25D


BTM Layout


14


61A


Chandra Layout


3

26


Byrasandra


14


45C


Channammakere


11

162A, B


BBS to BBS


14


356


Chandapura Circle


15

167E


B'lore Milk Colony


14


333D


Chinnappana Halli


17

167E


B'lore Milk Colony


14


314B


C.V. Raman Nagar


18

167


Balajinagar


14


287E


Cholanayakanahalli


23

316A, B


Boodigere


17


316F


Chamasandra


17

365


Bannerghatta


15


248A


Dasarahalli


4


327A


Dommasandra


17

333F


Doddanakundi


17

290D


Dr. Ambedkar Medical College


19

136


Domlur


18

131A, F


Domlur


17

131


Dupanahalli


18

295A


Doddagubbi


19

258M


Dabaspet


20

364


Devarachikkahalli


15

291F


Doddannanagar


19

235B


Doddabasti


19A

276B


Doddabommasandr a


22

356C


Electronic city


15

146E


Ejipura


16

301B


East NGEF Layout


19

124


Frazer Town


19

87B


Gangondananahalli


1

165B


Gajendranagar


14

36B


Girinagar II Stage


10

61F


G.K.W. Layout


3

89B


Geleyara Balaga Block


6

36E


Girinagar


10

248B


Gundur


19

59D


Gangondanahalli


19A

277


KVK


23

30C


Gangenahalli


25

108B


Ganganagar


25

36B


Girinagar Extn.


10

80C


Goragunte Palya


7

45B


Hoskerehalli


9

343A


Hullahalli


15

369C


Hulimavu


15


222C


Kengeri New Town


19A

15C,E


Kumaraswamy Layout


12

15G


Kumaraswamy Layout II stage


12

171, A,G


Koramangala


14

171B


Koramangala


14

171C


Koramangala


14

369D


Kottanur Dinne


15

271E


Veerasandra


22

276


Vidyaranyapura


22


Veterinary Collage


25

171D


Venkatapura


14


89


Kurubarahalli


6

12D


Kadirenahalli Park


12

45B


Katriguppe


9

302F


Kalyananagar


19

90


Yeshwanthpur


21


345A


Hulimangala


15

352A


Hennagara


15

356E


Heelalige


15

304B


Hoodi Grama


17

317A, H


Hoskote


17

131B


Halebyappanahalli


18

131D


Hosabyappanahalli


18

58C


Hosaguddadahalli


19 A

260


HMT Watch Factory


20

226A


Hampapura


19 A

287


Hebbal


23

255D


Huskur


20

291


Hedgenagar


19 A

45D


Hittamadu


10

296A


Hennur Cross


19 A

296B


HRBR Layout


19

210A


ISRO Layout


12

300C


ITI Colony


19 A

253F


Indodanish Farm


20

59E


Income Tax Layout


19A


IIyasnagar


12

131C


Indiranagar Old Police Stn.


18

1D


Jayanagar Bus Stn.


8

2,2E


JP Nagar 6th Phase


12

2A


JP Nagar 1st Phase


12

25E,1 8A


JP Nagar 3rd Phase


13

18


Jayanagar 9th Block


13

168E


Jai Bheemanagar


14

126


Jeevanahalli


19

138D


Jeevanbheemanagar


18

56


Jagieevanramnagar


19 A

15H


JHB Co-Op. Society


12

248C


Jallahalli Cross


4

80F


Jaibhuvaneswari nagar


6

2H


JPNagar 6th Phase


12

25


Jayanagar East


13

235


Jnana Bharathi


19 A

271


Jalahalli East


22

271D


Jalahalli Village


22

109


J.C.Nagar


25

86


K.H.B. Colony


4

242A


Kamakshipalya


4

245E


Kittanahalli


4

96C,E ,D


Kamlanagar


5


315


K.R.Puram


17


12C, B


Padamanabhanagar


12

315J


K.R.Puram Rly. Stn.


17


340A


Parangipalya


15

211F


Kaggalipura


12


113A


Pilanna Garden


19

96B


Kamalanagar BEML Layout


5


Papareddy Palya


19A

59H


Kurubarahalli


6


252D, 261


Peenya II Stage


20

242A


Kamakshipalya


4


252F


Peenya II Stage


6

171H


Koramangala Housing Complex


14


124


Pulikeshinagar


19

315C


Krishnaiahnapalya


17


Patelappa Layout


22

380


Kollatur


17


254E


Pakegowda Palya


20

302B


Kamanahalli


19


71E


Rajajinagar VI Block


6

302F


Kalayananagar


19


49


Raghavendra Colony


8

220B


Kengeri


19A


78


Rajajinagar I Block


6

222A


Kengeri Satellite Town


19A


315D


Ramamurthy Nagar


17

211F


Kaggalipura


12


225D


Rajareswari Temple


19A

35


Kempegowda Nagar Swimming Pool


8


Ramachandrapura


22

288D


Kodigehalli


23


105A


R.M Guttahalli


24

98E


Krishnanandanagar


21


98B


Rajmahal Vilas


22

271B


Kuvempunagar


22


Raichinmada


12

287C


Kempapura


23


252H


Rajivagandhinagar


6

111C


Kawal Byrasandra


25


61B


Saraswathinagar


2

315E


Kodige Halli


17


315F


Segehalli


17

317E


Kumbalahalli


17


245A


Sonde Koppa


4

319C


Kadugodi


17


36


Srinagar


10

296C


Kalyana nagar


19


211B


Somanahalli


12

22


LIC Colony


13


129


Shivajinagar


19

153


Lingarajapuram


19v


129C


Shasakara Bhavan


19

252A


Leggere


20


235F


Sports Auth. of India


19A

252H


Leggere


6


235C


Suburban Press


19A

98E


Lakshmidevinagar


21


315E


Sadaramanagla


17

271G


Lakshmipura Cross


22


273B


Shettihalli


20

276C


Lottegollahalli


22


83C


Srirampura


21

69


Magadi Road Police Quarter


2


271C


Singapura


221

36D


Muneswara Block


10


14C


Sultanpalya


25

80


Mahalakshmi Layout


6


104


Sadashivanagar


24

333


Marathalli


17


80E


Shankaranagar


6

354C


Marasur


15


273A


Srinivasanagar


4

119A


Marappa Garden


19


242B


Thavarekere


4

122


Maruthisevanagar


19


31E


Thyagarajanagar


8

99A, B


Mathikere


22


168D


Thavarekere


14

348A


Mangamana Palya


15


290B


Thani Sandra


19

61H


Marenahalli


2


58


Timber Yard Layout


19A

275B


Mattikere


4


24B


Tavarekere


4

244C


Nagarbhavi II Stage


24


381


Thimmasandra


17

31


N.R Colony


8


301F


Tambuchettipaly


19A

80A


Nandini Layout


6


348


Teachers Colony


15

238A


Nagarabhavi 1st Stage, 1st Block


4


234E


Ullalu


19A

320A


Nagondanahalli


17


210F


Uttarahalli


12

145


Neelasandra


16


87


Vijayanagar II Stage


1

351 A


Narayana Ghatta


15


61


Vijayanagar


2

292A


Nagarava


19


287D, 415C


Vishwanatha Nagenahalli


23

238C


Nagarabhavi I Stage


19A


61D


Vijayanagar Maruthi Mandir


2

238


Nrupathunga Nagar


19 A


43A


Vivekanandanagar


9

258C, H


Nelamangala


20


210E


Vasanthapur


12

279C


Nagashettahalli


23


146


Viveknagar


16

365H


National Park


15


54E


Vinayaka Nagar


19A

415B


Vishvanathnagenahal li


24


296


Yarappanahalli


19


Veerabhadranagar


9


284


Yalahanka


23

328A


Varthur


17


90E


Yashwanthpur Rly. Stn.


21

333E


Whitefield Rly. Stn.


17

bangalore pin codes

Post Office Name

Pin Code
Adugodi 560030
Agaram 560007
Air Force Station, Yelahanka 560063
Arabic College 560045
Banashankari 560050
Banashankari 2nd Stage 560070
Banashankari 3rd Stage 560085
Bangalore City 560002
Bangalore GPO 560001
Bangalore Viswavidyalaya 560056
Bannerghatta 560083
Bannerghatta Road 560076
Basavanagudi 560004
Basaveswaranagar 560079
Benson Town 560046
Byatarayanapura 560092
C V Raman Nagar 560093
Carmelaram 560035
Chamarajpet 560018
Chickpet 560053
Chikkabanavara 560090
Dasarahalli 560057
Dharmaram College 560029
Doddakallasandra 560062
Domlur 560071
Dooravaninagar 560016
Frazer Town 560005
G.E.F. 560026
G.K.V.K. 560065
Gandhinagar 560009
Gavipuram Extension 560019
H K P Road 560051
H.M.T 560031
HAL II Stage 560008
Hebbal Agrl Farm 560024
Hesaraghatta 560088
Hesaraghatta Lake 560089
Indira Nagar 560038
Industrial Estate 560044
J C Nagar 560006
J P Nagar 560078
Jalahalli 560013
Jalahalli East 560014
Jalahalli West 560015
Jayanagar 3rd Block 560011
Jayanagar East 560069
Jayanagar H O 560041
Kadugodi 560067
Kengeri 560060
Koramangala 560034
Koramangala 6th Block 560095
Kothanur 560077
Krishnarajapuram 560036
Kumbalgodu 560074
Madivala 560068
Magadi Road 560023
Mahadevapura 560048
Mahalakshmipuram Lyt 560086
Malleswaram 560003
Malleswaram West 560055
Marathahalli Colony 560037
Maruthisevanagar 560033
Mathikere 560054
Nagarabhavi 560072
Nagasandra 560073
Nandhini Layout 560096
Nayandahalli 560039
New Tippasandra 560075
Peenya S.I. 560058
R T Nagar 560032
R V Niketan 560059
R.M.V. Extn. 2nd St 560094
Rajajinagar 560010
Richmond Town 560025
Sadashiva Nagar 560080
Science Institute 560012
Seshadripuram 560020
Sivanchetty Garden 560042
Srirampuram 560021
St. Thomas Town 560084
Subramanyapura 560061
Thyagarajanagar 560028
Varthur 560087
Vasanthanagar 560052
Vijayanagar 560040
Vimanapura 560017
Virgonagar 560049
Viswaneedam 560091
Viveknagar 560047
Whitefield 560066
Wilson Garden 560027
Yelhnka 560064
Yeswanthpur 560022

ansys 10 installation process

Procedure of Installation:

1. Copy everything in Ansys 10 folder to your hard disk (preferrably not to C drive)

2. Go to Start - run - enter cmd. You will get command DOS prompt. Type ipconfig /all and press enter.
You will get details of your system.
Note down Host name and physical address.

3. Enter Ansys 10 folder in your hard disk. Enter ans10 lic folder.Open ansys DAT file with note pad and in that,
change first line as SERVER YOUR_HOST_NAME YOUR_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS 1055
SAVE THE FILE AND CLOSE.

4. Double click keygen. The key for the software will be automatically created. For cross checking open license file
with notepad and confirm what changes you made in the previous step are updated.
Press back and enter Ansys 10 folder.

5. Double click setup. Wait till installation is over. After this, it will ask you to run
license set up and locate the license file in ans10 lic folder.

6. Go to Start - Programs - ANSYS FLEXlm manager - FLEXlm LMTOOLS utility. You will get a
dialogue box. Open config services.
1. specify path to lmgrd32.exe file.It will be available in Ansys 10\license setup folder.
2. specify path of license file. It will be available in ans10 lic folder.
3. In the path to debug file, simply enter LOG.
4. Press Save Service button several times.

7. Then force stop the server and start again. Wait till Server started succesfully appear
8. Then press reread license file. Wait till license file reread successfully.
9. Close.A
10. Installation is over. You can start ANSYS by going to start - program - Ansys 10.0 - Ansys Product launcher - Press Run.

che guevara

Ernesto (Che) Guevara was born in Rosario in Argentine in 1928. After studying medicine at the University of Buenos Aires he worked as a doctor. While in Guatemala in 1954 he witnessed the socialist government of President Jacobo Arbenz overthrown by an American backed military coup. Disgusted by what he saw, Guevara decided to join the Cuban revolutionary, Fidel Castro, in Mexico.

In 1956 Guevara, Castro and eighty other men and women arrived in Cuba in an attempt to overthrow the government of General Fulgencio Batista. This group became known as the July 26 Movement. The plan was to set up their base in the Sierra Maestra mountains. On the way to the mountains they were attacked by government troops. By the time they reached the Sierra Maestra there were only sixteen men left with twelve weapons between them. For the next few months Castro's guerrilla army raided isolated army garrisons and were gradually able to build-up their stock of weapons.

When the guerrillas took control of territory they redistributed the land amongst the peasants. In return, the peasants helped the guerrillas against Batista's soldiers. In some cases the peasants also joined Castro's army, as did students from the cities and occasionally Catholic priests.

In an effort to find out information about the rebels people were pulled in for questioning. Many innocent people were tortured. Suspects, including children, were publicly executed and then left hanging in the streets for several days as a warning to others who were considering joining the revolutionaries. The behaviour of Batista's forces increased support for the guerrillas. In 1958 forty-five organizations signed an open letter supporting the July 26 Movement. National bodies representing lawyers, architects, dentists, accountants and social workers were amongst those who signed. Castro, who had originally relied on the support of the poor, was now gaining the backing of the influential middle classes.

General Fulgencio Batista responded to this by sending more troops to the Sierra Maestra. He now had 10,000 men hunting for Castro and his 300-strong army. Although outnumbered, Castro's guerrillas were able to inflict defeat after defeat on the government's troops. In the summer of 1958 over a thousand of Batista's soldiers were killed or wounded and many more were captured. Unlike Batista's soldiers, Castro's troops had developed a reputation for behaving well towards prisoners. This encouraged Batista's troops to surrender to Castro when things went badly in battle. Complete military units began to join the guerrillas.

The United States supplied Batista with planes, ships and tanks, but the advantage of using the latest technology such as napalm failed to win them victory against the guerrillas. In March 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower, disillusioned with Batista's performance, suggested he held elections. This he did, but the people showed their dissatisfaction with his government by refusing to vote. Over 75 per cent of the voters in the capital Havana boycotted the polls. In some areas, such as Santiago, it was as high as 98 per cent.

Fidel Castro was now confident he could beat Batista in a head-on battle. Leaving the Sierra Maestra mountains, Castro's troops began to march on the main towns. After consultations with the United States government, Batista decided to flee the country. Senior Generals left behind attempted to set up another military government. Castro's reaction was to call for a general strike. The workers came out on strike and the military were forced to accept the people's desire for change. Castro marched into Havana on January 9,1959, and became Cuba's new leader.

In its first hundred days in office Castro's government passed several new laws. Rents were cut by up to 50 per cent for low wage earners; property owned by Fulgencio Batista and his ministers was confiscated; the telephone company was nationalized and the rates were reduced by 50 per cent; land was redistributed amongst the peasants (including the land owned by the Castro family); separate facilities for blacks and whites (swimming pools, beaches, hotels, cemeteries etc.) were abolished.

In 1960 Guevara visited China and the Soviet Union. On his return he wrote two books Guerrilla Warfare and Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War. In these books he argued that it was possible to export Cuba's revolution to other South American countries. Guevara served as Minister for Industries (1961-65) but in April 1965 he resigned and become a guerrilla leader in Bolivia.

In 1967 David Morales recruited Félix Rodríguez to train and head a team that would attempt to catch Che Guevara. Guevara was attempting to persuade the tin-miners living in poverty to join his revolutionary army. When Guevara was captured, it was Rodriguez who interrogated him before he ordered his execution in October, 1967. Rodriguez still possesses Guevara’s Rolex watch that he took as a trophy.

In their book, Ultimate Sacrifice, published in 2006, Larmar Waldron and Thom Hartmann argued that in 1963 Guevara was involved in a plot with Juan Almeida Bosch to overthrow Fidel Castro.

mechanical seminar hy wire car

1. INTRODUCTION

Automobiles as we know today are very complicated machines even though their basic purpose is transportation. The fundamental processes that a car performs are acceleration of wheel speed, their control through braking, the turning of the wheels with the help of the steering mechanism & so on. Given that the overall function of a car is so basic it seems a little strange that almost all cars have the same collection of complex devices crammed under the hood and the same general mass of mechanical and hydraulic linkages running throughout. So considering these facts, automotive engineers for many years, pondered over the question as to why do cars need all these complicated machinery at all. And funnily they found that cars actually don’t need all these gizmos and in the future they won’t need these.

This seminar deals with such a futuristic vision which the automotive engineers at GM (General Motors) have realized. The HY WIRE concept car the name symbolizes the combination of hydrogen as fuel for the fuel cell propulsion system, and the replacement of conventional mechanical and hydraulic control linkages for steering, braking and other control systems by a drive-by-wire system. "By combining fuel cell and by-wire technology, we've packaged this vehicle in a new way, opening up a new world of chassis architectures and customized bodies for individualized expressions and . It is a significant step towards a new kind of automobile that is substantially more friendly to the environment and provides consumers positive benefits in driving dynamics, safety and freedom of individual expression”.

The car is derived from GM’s previous concept of a drive-able fuel cell vehicle called the Autonomy which was debuted at the 2002 North American Motor Show in Detroit. GM does not hope to be selling these cars immediately, due to certain unavoidable hindrances but they are optimistic of seeing these vehicles on the road in the next decade or two.

2. CONCEPT OF HY-WIRE CAR

Conventional cars possess other complex machinery in addition to the ‘heart’ of the car i.e. the IC engine such as carburetor, gearbox, ignition systems, radiator etc. If you've ever looked under the hood of a car, you know an internal combustion engine requires a lot of additional equipment to function correctly. No matter what else they do with a car, designers always have to make room for this equipment. The same goes for mechanical and hydraulic linkages. The basic idea of this system is that the driver maneuvers the various actuators in the car (the wheels, brakes, etc.) more or less directly, by manipulating driving controls connected to those actuators by shafts, gears and hydraulics. In a rack-and-pinion steering system, for example, turning the steering wheel rotates a shaft connected to a pinion gear, which moves a rack gear connected to the car's front wheels. In addition to restricting how the car is built, the linkage concept also dictates how we drive: The steering wheel, pedal and gear-shift system were all designed around the linkage idea.

The defining characteristic of the Hy-wire (and its conceptual predecessor, the AUTOnomy) is that it doesn't have either of these two things. Instead of an engine, it has a fuel cell stack, which powers an electric motor connected to the wheels. Instead of mechanical and hydraulic linkages, it has a drive by wire system -- a computer actually operates the components that move the wheels, activate the brakes and so on, and based on input from an electronic controller. This is the same control system employed in modern fighter jets as well as many commercial planes. The result of these two substitutions is a very different type of car -- and a very different driving experience. There is no steering wheel, there are no pedals and there is no engine compartment. In fact, every piece of equipment that actually moves the car along the road is housed in an 11-inch-thick (28 cm) aluminum chassis -- also known as the skateboard -- at the base of the car. Everything above the chassis is dedicated solely to driver control and passenger comfort.

Skate board chassis

This means the driver and passengers don't have to sit behind a mass of machinery. Instead, the Hy-wire has a huge front windshield, which gives everybody a clear view of the road. The floor of the fiberglass-and-steel passenger compartment can be totally flat, and it's easy to give every seat lots of leg room. Concentrating the bulk of the vehicle in the bottom section of the car also improves safety because it makes the car much less likely to tip over.

But the coolest thing about this design is that it lets you remove the entire passenger compartment and replace it with a different one. If you want to switch from a van to a sports car, you don't need an entirely new car; you just need a new body (which is a lot cheaper).

Before we get to the further features of the car, we will discuss about the 2 most defining technologies that make up the HY WIRE car i.e. the drive by wire system & Hydrogen fuel cell technology.

3. GM HY-WIRE CONCEPT CAR

· HISTORY

General Motors, the American automobile behemoth, is essentially the company bringing out the HY WIRE car. But this was not the first alternate fuel powered vehicle that they were bringing out. GM’s overarching advanced technology strategy for propulsion systems was designed to build capability for increased power and energy efficiency and reduced emissions with the long-term vision of making the transition to hydrogen-fueled fuel cell powered vehicles that emit only clean water and offer twice the energy efficiency of traditional engines. This technology development focuses on fuel cell power systems, hydrogen production (electrolysis and fuel processing), electric drive control and system integration, hydrogen storage, and affordability.

At the 2002 North American International Motor Show at Detroit, GM unveiled the AUTOnomy car which was the first purpose-designed vehicle combining the benefits of fuel cells and drive by wire technology. Discarding the restrictions of conventional vehicle design based around the internal combustion engine, the vehicle consists of an innovative, skateboard-like chassis, incorporating all the running gear, such as fuel cell powered electric drive, steering and braking systems, onto which a variety of different body styles, from a two-seater sports car to a people carrier, can be placed as required.

The GM Hy-wire incorporates the features first envisioned in the AUTOnomy concept vehicle. All of the touring sedan's propulsion and control systems are contained within an 11-inch-thick skateboard-like chassis, maximizing the interior space for five occupants and their cargo. GM designers and engineers in the United States developed the vehicle chassis and body design, as well as the engineering and electrical system integration. Engineers at GM's research facility in Mainz-Kastel, Germany, integrated the fuel-cell propulsion system, which is the same system used in the HydroGen3 concept, based on an Opel Zafira and shown at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show. American designers also worked closely with Italian design house Stile Bertone in Turin, where the body was built. The SKF Group, headquartered in Sweden, developed the by-wire technology in the Netherlands and in Italy.

• What led to this name?

GM originally dubbed its working concept for a drive-by-wire fuel-cell car the AUTOnomy, to highlight the flexibility of the computer control and switch able car bodies. When it came time to name the actual drivable version, the design team recruited a group of kids, ranging from six to 15 years old, to come up with interesting possibilities. Hy-wire, because it nicely summarized the hydrogen-fuel-cell and drive-by-wire concepts at the vehicle's core.

4. DRIVE BY WIRE

Drive-By-Wire technology is the incorporation of electrical devices to supplant the use of mechanical linkages within a vehicle. This implementation can use electro hydrostatic. Electro pneumatic or electromechanical means. Drive-by-wire systems are forecast to replace many of the traditional hydraulic and mechanical systems in vehicles. Originally known as ‘fly-by-wire’ because it was used in fighter jets & for other aviation purposes. The past few years has seen its introduction into military vehicles (such as tanks etc.) and heavy vehicles (like Caterpillars). The drive-by-wire system follows closely the fly-by-wire concepts used successfully by the aerospace industry for many years. In conventional control, the movements the driver makes with the steering wheel are transmitted mechanically via the steering column to the steering rack and then to the front wheels. In a by-wire system, the driver’s physical movement on the steering wheel is sensed and converted into a digital electronic signal that is transmitted to a smart electro-mechanical actuation unit (SEMAU) that controls the wheels. The same principle can be applied to the braking and gearbox systems.

Like so many of today's technologies, drive-by-wire is primarily a response to tightening emission standards. As with fuel injection and integrated engine controllers, drive-by-wire systems improve engine efficiency while cutting vehicle emissions. They do this by replacing clunky and inaccurate mechanical systems with highly advanced and precise electronic sensors. Currently, drive-by-wire applications are being used to replace the throttle-cable system on newly developed cars like the models already mentioned.

These systems work by replacing conventional throttle-control systems. Instead of relying on a mechanical cable that wind from the back of the accelerator pedal, through the vehicle firewall, and onto the throttle body, drive-by-wire consists of a sophisticated pedal-position

Sensor that closely tracks the position of the accelerator and sends this information to the Engine Control Module (ECM). This is superior to a cable-operated throttle system for the following reasons:

1. By eliminating the mechanical elements and transmitting a vehicle's throttle position electronically.Thedrive-by-wire greatly reduces the number of moving parts in the throttle system. This means greater accuracy, reduced weight, and, theoretically, no service requirements (like oiling and adjusting the throttle cable).

2. The greater accuracy not only improves the driving experience (increased responsiveness and consistent pedal feel regardless of outside temperature or pedal position), but it allows the throttle position to be tied closely into ECM information like fuel pressure, engine temperature and exhaust gas re-circulation. This means improved fuel economy and power delivery as well as lower exhaust emissions.

3. With the pedal inputs reduced to a series of electronic signals, it becomes a simple matter to integrate a vehicle's throttle with non-engine specific items like ABS, gear selection and traction control. This increases the effectiveness of these systems while further reducing the amount of moving parts, service requirements and vehicle weight.

For the driver, the most striking aspects of the interior design of the vehicle are the absence of pedals and steering column. This creates considerably more space inside the car. Drive-by-wire technology eliminates heavy, space-consuming hydraulic and mechanical components, and it has positive environmental implications through the elimination of brake fluids, as well as significant safety benefits.

Electro-mechanical control could allow the steering column and pedals to be removed, a significant potential for improving passive safety for the driver in case of a crash.

In this concept vehicle, the driver’s control system combines all the controls that the driver needs in a single unit. Throttle, braking and steering are presented as hand controls. Gear selection is made by a button system that is familiar from the world of motor racing. Lights, windscreen wipers, audio, heating and air conditioning are all located within the driver’s immediate reach. The right and left steering control yokes, which are linked, have a travel of +/- 20 degrees. The amount of “feel” experienced by the driver is fully programmable, as is the relationship between the movement of the yokes and the movement of the front wheels. For the Filo, the steering actuator fits into the original platform’s sub-frame assembly.

· What does it do to the car?

• Increases responsiveness of the system, leading to better steering & braking.

• Negates the usage of a steering column & reduces the number of moving parts.

• It has positive environmental implications through the elimination of brake fluids, as well as significant safety benefits.

•Increased capability due to fault monitoring and diagnostics

· What does it mean for driver?

• Enhanced driving experience

• Less tiring

• Provides more space for passengers upfront due to absence of steering column & associated linkages.

• Less or nil maintenance due to near absence of any moving parts

5. FUEL CELL POWER

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process. It is very much like a battery that can be recharged while you are drawing power from it. Instead of recharging using electricity, however, a fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen. A fuel cell provides a DC (direct current) voltage that can be used to power motors, lights or any number of electrical appliances. There are several different types of fuel cells, each using a different chemistry. Fuel cells are usually classified by the type of electrolyte they use. Some types of fuel cells show promise for use in power generation plants. Others may be useful for small portable applications or for powering cars. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising technologies. This is the type of fuel cell that will end up powering cars, buses and maybe even your house. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) uses one of the simplest reactions of any fuel cell. It is the type of fuel cell used in the Hy-Wire car.

First, let's take a look at what's in a PEM fuel cell. We can see there are four basic elements of a PEMFC:

The anode, the negative post of the fuel cell, has several jobs. It conducts the electrons that are freed from the hydrogen molecules so that they can be used in an external circuit. It has channels etched into it that disperse the hydrogen gas equally over the surface of the catalyst. The cathode, the positive post of the fuel cell, has channels etched into it that distribute the oxygen to the surface of the catalyst. It also conducts the electrons back from the external circuit to the catalyst, where they can recombine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. The electrolyte is the proton exchange membrane. This specially treated material, which looks something like ordinary kitchen plastic wrap, only conducts positively charged ions. The membrane blocks electrons. The catalyst is a special material that facilitates the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen. It is usually made of platinum powder very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth. The catalyst is rough and porous so that the maximum surface area of the platinum can be exposed to the hydrogen or oxygen. The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the PEM.

· Working:

The pressurized hydrogen gas (H₂) enters the fuel cell on the anode side. This gas is forced through the catalyst by the pressure. When an H₂ molecule comes in contact with the platinum on the catalyst, it splits into two H⁺ ions and two electrons (e^-). The electrons are conducted through the anode, where they make their way through the external circuit (doing useful work such as turning a motor) and return to the cathode side of the fuel cell.

Meanwhile, on the cathode side of the fuel cell, oxygen gas (O₂) is being forced through the catalyst, where it forms two oxygen atoms. Each of these atoms has a strong negative charge. This negative charge attracts the two H⁺ ions through the membrane, where they combine with an oxygen atom and two of the electrons from the external circuit to form a water molecule (H₂O).

This reaction in a single fuel cell produces only about 0.7 volts. To get this voltage up to a reasonable level, many separate fuel cells must be combined to form a fuel-cell stack.

PEMFCs operate at a fairly low temperature (about 176 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Celsius), which means they warm up quickly and don't require expensive containment structures. Constant improvements in the engineering and materials used in these cells have increased the power density to a level where a device about the size of a small piece of luggage can power a car.

Chemistry of a Fuel Cell

Anode side:

2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-

Cathode side:

O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O

Net reaction:

2H2 + O2 => 2H2O

We learned in the last section that a fuel cell uses oxygen and hydrogen to produce electricity. The oxygen required for a fuel cell comes from the air. In fact, in the PEM fuel cell, ordinary air is pumped into the cathode. The hydrogen is not so readily available, however. Hydrogen has some limitations that make it impractical for use in most applications. For instance, you don't have a hydrogen pipeline coming to your house, and you can't pull up to a hydrogen pump at your local gas station.

Hydrogen is difficult to store and distribute, so it would be much more convenient if fuel cells could use fuels that are more readily available. This problem is addressed by a device called a reformer. A reformer turns hydrocarbon or alcohol fuels into hydrogen, which is then fed to the fuel cell. Unfortunately, reformers are not perfect. They generate heat and produce other gases besides hydrogen. They use various devices to try to clean up the hydrogen, but even so, the hydrogen that comes out of them is not pure, and this lowers the efficiency of the fuel cell.

Some of the more promising fuels are natural gas, propane and methanol. Many people have natural-gas lines or propane tanks at their house already, so these fuels are the most likely to be used for home fuel cells. Methanol is a liquid fuel that has similar properties to gasoline. It is just as easy to transport and distribute, so methanol may be a likely candidate to power fuel-cell cars.

· Application Of Fuel Cells :

As we've discussed, fuel cells could be used in a number of applications. Each proposed use raises its own issues and challenges.

Automobiles:

Fuel-cell-powered cars will start to replace gas- and diesel-engine cars in about 2005. A fuel-cell car will be very similar to an electric car but with a fuel cell and reformer instead of batteries. Most likely, you will fill your fuel-cell car up with methanol, but some companies are working on gasoline reformers. Other companies hope to do away with the reformer completely by designing advanced storage devices for hydrogen.

Portable Power:

Fuel cells also make sense for portable electronics like laptop computers, cellular phones or even hearing aids. In these applications, the fuel cell will provide much longer life than a battery would, and you should be able to” recharge" it quickly with a liquid or gaseous fuel.

Buses:

Fuel-cell-powered buses are already running in several cities. The bus was one of the first applications of the fuel cell because initially, fuel cells needed to be quite large to produce enough power to drive a vehicle. In the first fuel-cell bus, about one-third of the vehicle was filled with fuel cells and fuel-cell equipment. Now the power density has increased to the point that a bus can run on a much smaller fuel cell.

Home Power Generation:

This is a promising application that you may be able to order as soon as 2002. General Electric is going to offer a fuel-cell generator system made by Plug Power. This system will use a natural gas or propane reformer and produce up to seven kilowatts of power (which is enough for most houses). A system like this produces electricity and significant amounts of heat, so it is possible that the system could heat your water and help to heat your house without using any additional energy.

6. FEATURES OF THE HY-WIRE CAR

· POWER TRANSMISSION:

The components which comprise the power transmission mechanism are the Hydrogen fuel cell stack & the 3-phase ac motor. We have discussed the working of the fuel cell just before. Now the reaction in a single fuel cell produces only about 0.7 volts. To get this voltage up to a reasonable level, many separate fuel cells must be combined to form a fuel-cell stack. The fuel-cell stack in the Hy-wire is made up of 200 individual cells connected in series, which collectively provide 94 kW (125 bhp) of continuous power and 129 kW (173 bhp) at peak power. This system delivers DC voltage ranging from 125 to 200 volts, depending on the load in the circuit. Three cylindrical storage tanks made by Quantum Fuel Systems Technologies Worldwide, Irvine, CA, rated at 5,000 psi (350 bar) so far provide a range of about 100 km (60 miles), with refueling in five minutes. But judging from earlier comments by GM's vice president of research and development, Larry Burns, higher-pressure tanks of 10,000 psi are

Under consideration. The motor controller boosts this up to 250 to 380 volts and converts it to AC current to drive the three-phase electric motor that rotates the wheels (this is similar to the system used in conventional electric cars).

The electric motor's job is to apply torque to the front wheel axle to spin the two front wheels. The control unit varies the speed of the car by increasing or decreasing the power applied to the motor. When the controller applies maximum power from the fuel-cell stack, the motor's rotor spins at 12,000 revolutions per minute, delivering a torque of 159 pound-feet. A single-stage planetary gear, with a ratio of 8.67:1, steps up the torque to apply a maximum of 1,375 pound-feet to each wheel. That's enough torque to move the 4,200-pound (1,905-kg) car 100 miles per hour (161 kph) on a level road. Smaller electric motors maneuver the wheels to steer the car, and electrically controlled brake calipers bring the car to a stop.

· CONTROL:

The Hy-wire's "brain" is a central computer housed in the middle of the chassis. It sends electronic signals to the motor control unit to vary the speed, the steering mechanism to maneuver the car, and the braking system to slow the car down.

At the chassis level, the computer controls all aspects of driving and power use. But it takes its orders from a higher power -- namely, the driver in the car body. The computer connects to the body's electronics through a single universal docking port. This central port works the same basic way as a USB port on a personal computer: It transmits a constant stream of electronic command signals from the car controller to the central computer, as well as feedback signals from the computer to the controller. Additionally, it provides the electric power needed to operate all of the body's onboard electronics. Ten physical linkages lock the body to the chassis structure. The driver's control unit, dubbed the X-drive, is a lot closer to a video game controller than a conventional steering wheel and pedal arrangement. The controller has two ergonomic grips, positioned to the left and right of a small LCD monitor. To steer the car, you glide the grips up and down lightly -- you don't have to keep rotating a wheel to turn, you just have to hold the grip in the turning position. To accelerate, you turn either grip, in the same way you would turn the throttle on a motorcycle; and to brake, you squeeze either grip.

Electronic motion sensors, similar to the ones in high-end computer joysticks, translate this motion into a digital signal the central computer can recognize. Buttons on the controller let you switch easily from neutral to drive to reverse, and a starter button turns the car on. Since absolutely everything is hand-controlled, you can do whatever you want with your feet. The 5.8-inch (14.7-cm) color monitor in the center of the controller displays all the stuff you'd normally find on the dashboard (speed, mileage, fuel level). It also gives you rear-view images from video cameras on the sides and back of the car, in place of conventional mirrors. A second monitor, on a console beside the driver, shows you stereo, climate control and navigation information.

Since it doesn't directly drive any part of the car, the X-drive could really go anywhere in the passenger compartment. In the current Hy-wire sedan model, the X-drive swings around to either of the front two seats, so you can switch drivers without even getting up. It's also easy to adjust the X-drive up or down to improve driver comfort, or to move it out of the way completely when you're not driving.

One of the coolest things about the drive-by-wire system is that you can fine-tune vehicle handling without changing anything in the car's mechanical components -- all it takes to adjust the steering, accelerator or brake sensitivity is some new computer software. In future drive-by-wire vehicles, you will most likely be able to configure the controls exactly to your liking by pressing a few buttons, just like you might adjust the seat position in a car today. It would also be possible in this sort of system to store distinct control preferences for each driver in the family.

Block figure of the Hy Wire Skateboard Chassis

7. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

· Top speed: 100 miles per hour (161 kph)

· Weight: 4,185 pounds (1,898 kg)

· Chassis length: 14 feet, 3 inches (4.3 meters)

· Chassis width: 5 feet, 5.7 inches (1.67 meters)

· Chassis thickness: 11 inches (28 cm)

· Wheels: eight-spoke, light alloy wheels.

· Tires: 20-inch (51-cm) in front and 22-inch (56-cm) in back

· Fuel-cell power: 94 kilowatts continuous, 129 kilowatts peak

· Fuel-cell-stack voltage: 125 to 200 volts

· Motor: 250- to 380-volt three-phase asynchronous electric motor

· Crash protection: front and rear "crush zones" (or "crash boxes") to absorb impact energy

· Related GM patents in progress: 30

· GM team members involved in design: 500+

8. A FEW CONCERNS

The big concern with drive-by-wire vehicles is safety. Since there is no physical connection between the driver and the car's mechanical elements, an electrical failure would mean total loss of control. In order to make this sort of system viable in the real world, drive-by-wire cars will need back-up power supplies and redundant electronic linkages. With adequate safety measures like this, there's no reason why drive-by-wire cars would be any more dangerous than conventional cars. In fact, a lot of

Designers think they'll be much safer, because the central computer will be able to monitor driver input. Another problem is adding adequate crash protection to the car. The other major hurdle for this type of car is figuring out energy-efficient methods for producing, transporting and storing hydrogen for the onboard fuel-cell stacks. With the current state of technology, actually producing the hydrogen fuel can generate about as much pollution as using gasoline engines, and storage and distribution systems still have a long way to go. For that and other reasons, GM is still exploring other storage techniques such as metal hydrides. To make fuel cell cars attractive, they must match current life time expectations of 150,000 miles or more and GM is pretty optimistic about that aspect. Says Larry Burns “….other than the flow of electrons and protons, the only moving parts will be the wheels, the suspension and the compressor, so it should have a pretty good life." In terms of production volumes, Burns said some 55 million cars are added each year to the global car park, minus "the old ones that are being retired. By 2010 we estimate the industry will be producing about 70 million a year." And how many of these might be fuel cell vehicles? "We see affordable and compelling vehicles as possible by 2010," said Burns. A decade after that he expects "we will move to high penetration, "probably hundreds of thousands of units in the 2020 time frame." Not all stacks will go to transportation because there may be other, stationary applications, but that order of magnitude, says Burns, "makes a lot of sense." Hy-wire is likely to spawn changes in other vehicles, and the first commercial one may not necessarily look like Hy-wire, according to Burns: "we might find fuel cells in conventional vehicles," for example, as well as by-wire technology. Big economies of scales are likely to be derived from the skateboard chassis concept: Today, says Burns, GM has to design and build 12-14 different "platforms" to cover the entire market. But with the skateboard, "there will be fewer platforms" - maybe only two or three. And fuel cell stacks can be "snapped together" - from 10 kW for a house to 1,000 kW for a locomotive.

So will we ever get the chance to buy a Hy-wire? General Motors says it fully intends to release a production version of the car in 2010, assuming it can resolve the major fuel and safety issues. But even if the Hy-wire team doesn't meet this goal, GM and other automakers are definitely planning to move beyond the conventional car sometime soon, toward a computerized, environmentally friendly alternative. In all likelihood, life on the highway will see some major changes within the next few decades.

Hy-wire on the road

Hy-Wire’s X-Drive

The Interiors of the Hy-wire

9. CONCLUSION

The technology is extremely interesting to people in all walks of life because it offers a means of making power more efficiently and with less pollution. But the coolest thing about this design is that it lets you remove the entire passenger compartment and replace it with a different one. If you want to switch from a van to a sports car, you don't need an entirely new car; you just need a new body (which is a lot cheaper).

The GM concept provides much more value than just zero emissions and twice the fuel economy .It would provide very affordable all-wheel drive, unprecedented safety and comfort, and no oil changes, maintenance worries or trips to the gas station.

10. Bibliography

· www.HowStuffWorks.com

· www.Edmunds.com

· www.Sciam.com

· www.PopSci.com

· www.gm.com

· www.CarDesignNews.com

· www.AutoIntell.com

· www.AutocarIndia.com

· www.BSMotoring.com

· www.TheCarConnection.com

· http://evolution.skf.com/gb/

Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1

2. Concept of Hy-wire car.................................................................... 2

3. GM Hy -wire concept car............................................................... 4

· History

4. Drive by wire........................................................................................... 5

· Working

· Applications

5. Fuel cell power........................................................................................ 8

6. Features of hy-wire car................................................................... 13

· power transmission

· control

7. Technical specifications.................................................................. 16

8. Few concerns.......................................................................................... 17

9. Conclusion................................................................................................ 20

10. Bibliography........................................................................................ 21

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere thanks to Dr.T.C.Peter, Head of the Department for providing me with the guidance and facilities for the seminar.

I express my sincere gratitude to seminar coordinator Mr.AlexBernard, Staff in charge, for his cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting the seminar.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department and my friends for their support and encouragement.

JASIR.V

ABSTRACT

Automobiles as we know today are very complicated machines even though their basic purpose is transportation. The fundamental processes that a car performs are acceleration of wheel speed, their control through braking, the turning of the wheels with the help of the steering mechanism & so on.

The name symbolizes the combination of hydrogen as fuel for the fuel cell propulsion system. The replacement of conventional mechanical and hydraulic control linkages for steering, braking and other control systems by a drive-by-wire system. By combining fuel cell and by-wire technology, this vehicle packaged in a new way, opening up a new world of chassis architectures and customized bodies for individualized expressions.

The car is derived from GM’s previous concept of a drive-able fuel cell vehicle called the Autonomy which was debuted at the 2002 North American Motor Show in Detroit. GM does not hope to be selling these cars immediately, due to certain unavoidable hindrances but they are optimistic of seeing these vehicles on the road in the next decade or two.